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Text Elements#

video compression
^0HfIiZ8S

video
multiple frames ^eWYUkycM

each frame one image ^21l7UNuy

image compression ^cC6LxZ2y

jpeg
joint photographic experts group ^B1XHjNXp

mpeg
moving picture experts group ^RrGQycCJ

jpeg image compression
grey scale image 8 bits
^lHq1SXVd

grey scale pic divided into blocks of 8X8 pixels ^7l01PKsp

  • jpeg changes pictures into vector
  • redundancies can be removed by compression method
    ^aC2Qw0Ez

DCT: Discrete cosine transform
changes 64 values so that relative relationship are kept but redundencies are revealed ^XQPWmDXs

Quantization :
- reduce no of bits needed for encoding
- divide the no. by some constant and remove the fraction
- loss some info here
- therefore jpeg is lossy ^bynrQs3f

redundant zero are removed ^92GzKd85

Image Compression : jpeg
^1GxbQalo

video compression : Mpeg ^0zbfqpiP

  • compressing set of frames
  • spatial compression of each frame with jpeg
  • temporal compression redundant frames are removed
  • tv 50 frames per sec
  • eg: when someone talking most of the frame are same except for the segment of frame around lips ^Kl3pyHXb

mpeg ^0l1Andvy

i-frames ^n87ePRfM

p-frames ^yNfFzZFa

b-frames ^Mh3x0mvj

Streaming stored audio/video

^lJ8iUOFN

using web server ^Gpnmm781

media server and RTS ^1lArZPX8

web server with metafile ^H6tmpO7Z

media server ^kP9QXM2b

drawback :
audio / video large even after compression
- video played only after complete video download

^dAarHKwW

both media player and browser are using http which designed to run over tcp
- tcp not appropriate for audio / vedio
- ver web server designed for TCP ^Pe44gwtN

  • media player use URL in the metafile
  • downloading of audio/video from media server
    using udp

^R92qjzax

  • real time streaming protocol
  • control protocol
  • add more functionalities, playing of audio/video
  • out-of-band protocol (similar second to ftp) ^s3gNw0a2

Realtime Interactive audio/video

^fmtIE84B

video conferencing communicate visually and orally ^9U5eFOkp

characteristics
- time relationship :packets arrive in delays cause jitter
- timestamp :
- playback buffer
- ordering
- multicasting
- translation high-bandwdith to lower-bandwidth
- mixing - traffic made from mutiple streams ^wGqAhGhv

Tcp not suitted for interactive traffic
^MX30AtzB

RTP(real-time transport protocol)
- handle real time traffic on internet
- stands b/w udp and application program
- provide time-stamping, sequencing, mixing facilities
- encapsulated in udp
- use even number port
- allows flow of data
^xHq4HLbA

RTP packet header format ^B6upLS2q

payload
31-H.261
32 - mpeg2 video
33-mpeg2 vedio ^6XYQA6YK

2
^tG13wpTG

1 ^lXNDl2UV

1 ^GAJ8AiJt

4bit ^NlbYl5et

1 ^Eqa3Uuz9

7 bit ^SmbksoJs

16 bit ^A7Sb310k

32 bit ^ddqcvoo3

32 bit ^8lTGQiaQ

32 bit ^jcq0KIzC

32 bit ^fJEtHYPv

32 bit ^F7VQiqHA

RTCP
- contol flow and quality of data
- recipient send feedback to sources or sources
- ^wNggt420

sender report ^QM2n8gge

receiver report
^CuiGkIrV

Source Description Message ^ufotQ6bT

Bye Message ^11DPHyAa

Application specific message ^g23c1eti

SIP(session intercation protocol)
- session Initiation protocol
- app layer protocol
- establish , manage , terminates a multi media session call
- used to create two party, multiparty, multicastparty
- independent of protocol udp, tcp, sctp
- ipaddress, emailaddress, phonenumber indentify sender and reciver

^9edQhtjX

invite ^s61etckJ

Ack ^6HzxoXHB

bye ^ji8mezcj

options ^iXqN1a2r

cancel ^Agld8PXU

register ^ir2CaZg5

Messages ^dNyW7hY8

establishing : 3 way handshake
^XcGxd7Hr

caller: INVITE
callee: reply
caller: ack
^aiBS2bmH

connection

terminating : BYE ^cHYU3o2R

SIP ^hpFbpbwe

H.323 ^jy7RXAd8

  • standard designed by ITU to allow telephones ^Sk2mIY2t

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